Lišenje poslovne sposobnosti u praksi Evropskog suda za ljudska prava

Abstract

Pitanje lišenja poslovne sposobnosti ima veliki značaj za ostvarivanje osnovnih prava pojedinaca. Značaj poštovanja pravila postupka, saslušanja i prisustvovanja osobe koja se lišava poslovne sposobnosti ročištu ogleda se u tome što se u tom postupku osobe mogu, potpuno ili delimično, lišiti osnovnih prava, kao što su, zaključenje braka, usvajanje dece, zasnivanje radnog odnosa, sastavljanje testamenta, glasanje na izborima. Razlikujemo proceduru i materijalnopravne odredbe o lišenju poslovne sposobnosti. Presude koje je razmatrao Evrospki sud za ljudska prava odnosile su se na propuste domaćih vlasti u pogledu neučestvovanja stranke o čijoj se poslovnoj sposobnosti odlučuje na ročištu, nesaslušanje stranke od strane sudije, nemogućnost pokretanja postupka za vraćanje poslovne sposobnosti, nepropisivanje periodičnog preispitivanja odluke o lišenju poslovne sposobnosti, nemogućnost javnog tužioca da pokrene postupak za lišenje poslovne sposobnosti, nepropisivanje delimičnog lišenja poslovne sposobnosti u zakonu. Predmet određenih presuda bilo je onemogućavanje porodičnih i drugih prava – nemogućnost učestvovanja osobe lišene poslovne sposobnosti u postupku usvajanja deteta, neučestvovanje stranke u brakorazvodnoj parnici, glasanju na izborima.

Significant importance of the question of deprivation of legal capacity, beside international and national legal documents has the European Court of Human Rights. Judgments of the ECHR obliges states parties of the European Convention on Human Rights, and impose obligations on states that in the future in the same cases rectify omissions, either by changes in legislation, or by actions of state bodies in the relevant conduct. What can be concluded as the correctness when it comes to judgment concerning the deprivation of legal capacity is reflected in the fact that the biological or medical facts (mental disease or defect) leads to disabling of some family right. Illness or disabilities cause deprivation of legal capacity and attainment of capacity prevents the exercise of rights and participation in the process of deciding on the rights of persons deprived of their legal capacity. Analyzed ECHR judgments shows us that there are two groups of cases. In first group, there are the cases involving deprivation of legal capacity. Another group of cases are not directly related to the question of deprivation of legal capacity, but at a certain family rights that are conditioned by the existence of legal capacity. In that cases deprivation of legal capacity disables deprived person in enjoying family right, such as adoption, parental responsibility, divorce proceeding.