Novi zakonik o krivičnom postupku - očekivanja od primene

Abstract

Osnovna pitanja reforme krivičnog postupka Srbije su svedena na problematiku tipa istrage i konstrukcije glavnog pretresa, posebno u vezi uloge suda u dokaznom postupku, te problematike primarno stranačkog ili sudskog izvođenja dokaza, ali i na veoma važno pitanje (ne)postojanja načela istine u krivičnom postupku. Novi Zakonik o krivičnom postupku sadrži izuzetno veliki broj novih rešenja, čija je osnovna intencija da se krivični postupak učini efikasnijim, a pre svega bržim, iako nije sasvim izvesno da li ce u praksi sva rešenja koji načelno imaju takav ratio legis, zaista i proizvesti takve pozitivne efekte. Konačno, oduvek je važilo pravilo dura lex - sed lex - 'strog zakon - ipak zakon", a shodno tome i "los zakon, ili ne dovoljno dobar zakon ", je takođe zakon, onda kada predstavlja segment pozitivnog prava. Stoga je zadatak nauke krivičnog procesnog prava da ukazivanjem na osnovna normativna rešenja sadržana u novom Zakoniku o krivičnom postupku Srbije, omogući njegovu bolju primenu u praksi, ali i da skrene pažnju zakonodavcu, stručnoj i široj javnosti, na krajnje urgentnu potrebu izmena i dopuna novog Zakonika o krivičnom postupku, kako u cilju otklanjanja brojnih omaški, koje su u njemu sadržane, pa i grubih ne samo koncepcijskih, već i pravno-tehničkih grešaka, kojima novi ZKP obiluje, tako i radi eliminisanja iz njega onih odredbi koje su očigledno protivustavne. U radu čija je intencija da predstavi jedan opšti prikaz novog Zakonika o krivičnom postupku, uz ukazivanje na osnovna očekivanja od njegove primene, osvrnućemo se na ključne koncepcijske odredbe novog Zakonika i neke karakteristične primere novih rešenja, a naročito onih, koja bi u praksi mogla da budu problematična i u pogledu kojih se mogu očekivati i izvesne modifikacije u predstojećem periodu.

Author analyses in critical point of view new Criminal Procedure Code of Serbia with the essential focus of the some important general rules, concept of investigation, the new system of judicially control of indictment, preliminary hearing, i.e. preliminary court conference and the agreement between the parties (public prosecutor and defendant), as a form of so called plea barging main rules of the trial, i.e. the main hearing and system of ordinary (appeals) and extraordinary remedies in new system of criminal procedure in Serbia. Author writes too about many technical and essential mistakes and wrong solutions of the new CPC of Serbia and especially explains some very negative examples in the new Code of Criminal Procedure Code of Serbia, connected to the strategically and conceptually problems, as a construction of the main trial and the role of the court, i.e. the judge during the trial. Completely adversatorial construction of the main trial is not adequate for Serbian criminal procedure and that could be in the practice the cause of many serious problems. In this type of procedure the parties would be equal only in formal point of view. In the practice that could be very inconvenient and bad for the defendant, especially when he/she has not a defense counsel and in Serbian criminal procedure is mandatory defence counsel provides only for limited number of criminal offences. In the article are explained too some great contradictions connected to the new system of interrogation of the witnesses during the main trial, especially the controversial way of cross examination the witnesses with the possibility to use the suggestive questions. Elimination of the principle of the truth in criminal procedure, i.e. in the new Criminal Procedure Code of Serbia, is very negative solution. It is without doubt that the truth is not a 'holly cow " in Serbian valid criminal procedure and also in criminal procedures in other states in continental Europe which legal systems know this vital principle. The truth is not achieving at any price and when it is objectively not possible, the principle in dubio pro reo has to be applied. It is not more the case in the new Criminal Procedure Code of Serbia, which is very bad solution that must be seriously criticized. Elimination of the principle of the truth in criminal procedure is in a contradiction to many other vital criminal procedural rules. It is completely senseless and nonsense, that in the Draft of the new Code of Criminal Procedure (the same rule as today, i.e. in now days CPC), provides appeal against the verdict because erroneous or incomplete finding of fact, i.e., when the judgment is ground on the incorrect or incomplete finding of fact or when the court has determined a relevant fact incorrectly and besides, the court officially does not have a duty to determine a truth. Elimination of the principle of the truth in criminal procedure is essentially unmoral, because the truth in criminal procedure can not be divided from general connectivity criminal law and moral. The majority of citizens expect the truth in and from criminal procedure. This truth has often historical significance too. If the fact is, that criminal offence principally is unmoral and if only in criminal procedure can be determined if the crime was committed, then this kind of question can not be only the mater of so called evidential duel between prosecutor and defendant with no active role of independent and impartial court. Author explained too, that the key provisions of the new CPC of Serbia are unconstitutional, while in accordance with the article 32 of the Serbian Constitution, the citizen has a right on the more active court in criminal procedure (the court has a duty to discuss the indictment and it is not the right of the discussion of the parties before the court); and on the another side, the court must decide of the suspicion which is the ground for the initiating the criminal prosecution. Although it is possible to criticize with very good arguments the new Criminal Procedure Code, because some conceptual matters and because many very concrete technical failures and mistakes in some of its provisions, that Code is now the part of the valid Serbian law and it has to be implemented as correctly as possible. The purpose of the critics is not to object the implementation, but to help the better implementation of new Serbian Criminal Procedure Code.