Zaštita učesnika oglasa ili konkursa i pravo na delotvorno pravno sredstvo u opštem režimu radnih odnosa

Abstract

Javni oglas, odnosno konkurs za zasnivanje radnog odnosa predstavljaju instrumente posredstvom kojih se može ostvariti ustavno načelo da svakom pod jednakim uslovima moraju biti dostupni svi slobodni poslovi. Primena tog načela najtešnje je povezana s delotvornim ostvarivanjem slobode rada i prava na rad, zbog čega postupak zasnivanja radnog odnosa ne može biti van domašaja kontrole koja omogućava neposredno uklanjanje nepravilnosti i nezakonitosti u ovom postupku. U tom smislu je u članku razmotreno pitanje prava učesnika oglasa ili konkursa na delotvorno pravno sredstvo, i to ne samo kroz pravo na pravosudne i vanpravosudne pravne lekove, već i kroz pravo na prigovor ili žalbu, kao sredstva kojima se ostvaruje interna zaštita prava. U Republici Srbiji, ovo pitanje je posebno delikatno, jer Zakon o radu ne poznaje dvostepenost, dok sudska zaštita prava učesnika oglasa ili konkursa nije neposredno uređena, uz izuzetak zaštite od diskriminacije, kao i zaštite radnika kojima je kod poslodavca prethodno prestao radni odnos kao višku zaposlenih, zbog čega uživaju prvenstvo pri zapošljavanju za obavljanje istih poslova. Takvo rešenje prati niz otvorenih pitanja, posebno što učesnici oglasa ili konkursa u posebnim režimima radnih odnosa uživaju dvostepenost u istoj situaciji, čime se dovodi u pitanje delotvorna primena načela jednakosti i jednake zakonske zaštite. U članku su, otud, formulisani predlozi de lege ferenda za stvaranje uslova za delotvorno ostvarivanje prava na rad, slobode rada i zaštite od diskriminacije u postupku u kom radnik nastoji da stekne status koji će mu obezbediti sredstva za izdržavanje, kao i mogućnost da kroz rad razvija svoju ličnost.

Public job announcements and advertisements are instruments which provide for exercising the constitutional principle that all available jobs must be accessible to everyone under equal conditions. The application of this principle is most closely connected with the effective exercise of freedom of work and the right to work. For this reason, recruitment procedure cannot be beyond the scope of control which enables immediate elimination of irregularities in this procedure. In that context, this article discusses the issue of the right of participants in public announcements or job advertisements to an effective legal remedy, not only via the right to judicial and extrajudicial remedies, but also via the right to object or appeal, as the means to achieve internal protection of rights. In the Republic of Serbia, this issue is particularly delicate because the Labour Act does not recognize the two-instance internal procedure, while judicial protection of the rights of jobseekers has not been directly regulated, with the exception of protection against discrimination, and protection of workers whose employment was previously terminated due to redundancy, resulting in their employment priority when hiring for the same jobs. This legal solution is accompanied by a number of open questions, especially as the participants in public announcements and job advertisements procedures in special employment regimes enjoy the two instance internal protection in the same situation, which calls into question the effective application of the principle of equality before the law. Therefore, the article formulates proposals de lege ferenda to create conditions for effective exercise of the right to work, freedom of work, and protection against discrimination in a procedure in which a worker seeks to acquire a status that will provide him with the means of subsistence as well as an opportunity to develop his personality through work.