Odnos međunarodnog prava ljudskih prava i međunarodnog humanitarnog prava

Abstract

U radu se ispituje odnos međunarodnog prava ljudskih prava i međunarodnog humanitarnog prava, polazeći od stanovišta da se norme ta dva pravna režima međusobno ne isključuju već da mogu biti komplementarne, pogotovo imajući u vidu da su praksa međunarodnih organa i jurisprudencija međunarodnih sudova pokazale da stanje oružanog sukoba ne podrazumeva neprimenjivanje ljudskih prava. Iako su tradicionalno međunarodno pravo ljudskih prava i međunarodno humanitarno pravo posmatrani kao dve odvojene grane prava, koje koegzistiraju u okviru međunarodnog prava, počev od nedostatka volje kreatora Univerzalne deklaracije o ljudskim pravima i Ženevskih konvencija da ljudska prava dovedu u formalnu vezu sa stanjem oružanih sukoba, kroz praksu se došlo do zaključka da se ljudska prava primenjuju i u doba rata. Štaviše, neka prava ne mogu biti derogirana ni u vreme rata, te pravila međunarodnog humanitarnog prava ne predstavljaju automatski lex specialis. S druge strane, kada je reč o pravu na život - najosnovnijem ljudskom pravu bez kojeg ne mogu biti ostvarena druga prava, međunarodno pravo ljudskih prava i međunarodno humanitarno pravo se u značajnoj meri razilaze. .

Traditionally, Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law had represented two separated legal regimes. Since their creation and the historical adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and four Geneva Conventions at the end of 1940s, they had been treated as if they coexisted within the international law. In one hand, Human Rights Law had been dealing with the protection of persons from abusive power, and in the other International Humanitarian Law had been dealing with the conduct of parties to an armed conflict. Moreover, the developing international jurisprudence and the work of international institutions led to the recognition that two bodies of law substantially overlapped in practice. They appeared to be complementary and mutually reinforcing. However, in spite of their growing convergence, various perspectives must be taken into account when considering the nature of the relation between two legal regimes. Some significant differences still remain, particularly with regard to right to life because International Humanitarian Law tolerates at some specified degree killings, what is not the case within the regime of Human Rights Law. This article examines the theoretical relationship between two bodies of law (I), secondly, it analyses the jurisprudence and practice of international institutions and finally it demonstrates the divergence between Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law when it comes to one of the fundamental human rights - right to life (III).