Šta je stvarno novo oko Porodičnog zakona

Abstract

Tekuća debata o Radnom tekstu Građanskog zakonika pokazala je da su dve predložene teme izazvale najveću pažnju javnosti; to su: zabrana fizičkog kažnjavanja dece i surogat materinstvo. Na snazi je globalna aktivnost u pravcu zabrane telesnog kažnjavanja dece. Komitet Ujedinjenih nacija za prava deteta definisao je telesno kažnjavanje kao svaku vrstu kazne u kojoj je upotrebljena fizička sila sa namerom da izazove određeni stepen bola ili nelagodnosti, bez obzira koliko je laka. Radni tekst GZ takođe je zabranio fizičko kažnjavanje dece kao formu zlostavljanja deteta. Sa druge strane, čuju se i glasovi koji se protive zabrani svake vrste fizičke kazne, a oni dolaze od roditelja koji veruju da imaju pravo – ili čak i dužnost – da disciplinuju svoju decu uz određeni stepen sile, te da telesno kažnjavanje dece nije nužno nehumano ili ponižavajuće. Ono što je od najveće važnosti u ovoj debati, međutim, jeste to da zabrana fizičkog kažnjavanja mora poslati jasnu poruku da je udaranje dece pogrešno – u najmanju ruku jednako kao što je pogrešno udariti bilo koga drugog. Sa druge strane, ovakva zabrana treba da podstakne i vođenje kampanje za podizanje svesti o svim negativnim efektima fizičkog kažnjavanja, kao i razvijanje pozitivnih, nenasilnih formi discipline u podizanju deteta. Surogat materinstvo je aranžman u kome žena (surogat majka) pristaje da nosi i rodi dete za drugu ženu ili par (nameravani roditelji). Uprkos činjenici da je infertilnost veliki problem za parove koji se suočavaju sa duševnim bolom, depresijom i osećanjem isključenosti iz društva zbog toga što ne mogu da se ostvare kao roditelji, surogacija je ipak kontroverzna pravna ustanova. Stoga, ako srpski zakonodavac zaista namerava da uvede surogat materinstvo u domaće pravo, oprezan i restriktivan pristup engleskog prava bio bi dobrodošao. To znači da bi bar jedan od nameravanih roditelja morao biti u genetskoj vezi sa detetom, da dete mora živeti sa nameravanim roditeljima u vreme kada oni podnesu zahtev za sticanje roditeljskog prava u odgovarajućem sudskom postupku, da su se surogat majka i njen suprig (ako ga ima) slobodno i bezuslovno saglasili da bude doneta sudska odluka i najzad, da nikakav novac – osim razumnih troškova – nije bio plaćen surogat majci.

During the ongoing debate about the Preliminary Draft of the Serbian Civil Code two topic proposals have raised the highest public interest: banning corporal punishment of children and surrogate motherhood. There is a global action towards ending corporal punishment of children. The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child has defined corporal punishment as any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light. The Preliminary Draft of the Serbian Civil Code has also prohibited corporal punishment as a form of physical abuse of a child. On the other hand, there are also opposition voices to banning all corporal punishment which come from parents who believe that they have a right – or even a duty – to discipline their children with some degree of violence and that corporal punishment of children is not necessarily inhuman or degrading. But what is of utmost importance in this debate is the fact that a ban of corporal punishment must give a clear message that hitting children is wrong – at least as wrong as hitting anyone else. On the other hand, it should also suggest that campaigns should be carried out to raise awareness of all negative effects of corporal punishment and to encourage the development of positive, non-violent forms of discipline in child-rearing. Surrogate motherhood is an arrangement in which a woman (surrogate mother) agrees to carry and deliver a child for another woman or couple (intended parents). In spite of the fact that infertility is a growing problem for couples who are experiencing emotional distress, depression and a sense of exclusion from society because they cannot become parents, it remains controversial. Therefore, if Serbian legislator really intend to introduce surrogate motherhood into domestic law the cautious and restrictive attitude of the English law would be welcomed. This would mean that at least one of the intended parents should be genetically related to the child, that the child must be living with the intended parents at the time they apply for the parental rights in a court procedure, that the surrogate mother and her husband (if she has one) must agree freely and unconditionally to the delivering of the court decision and finally, that no money – other than reasonable expenses – has been paid to the surrogate mother.