Pravo na azil u praksi Suda pravde Evropske unije

Abstract

Rad ima za cilj da identifikuje standarde koje je, kroz tumačenje pravne regulative Evropske unije o međunarodnoj zaštiti, iznedrila praksa Suda pravde Evropske unije. Prvi deo rada posvećen je prikazu i analizi pojedinih materijalnih aspekata prava na međunarodnu zaštitu. Posebna pažnja usmerena je na tumačenje pojedinih elemenata samog pojma izbeglice, konkretno elementa ‘progona’ i ‘pripadnosti određenoj društvenoj grupi’. Značajne novine Sud je uveo tumačenjem instituta supsidijarne zaštite, posebno u kontekstu primene člana 15(c) Direktive 2011/95/EU o standardima za kvalifikaciju, tačnije situacije u kojoj osoba traži zaštitu zbog opšteg nasilja u zemlji porekla usled međunarodnog i unutrašnjeg oružanog sukoba. Drugi deo rada bavi se procesnim aspektom prava na azil i tumačenjem pojedinih odredaba Uredbe Dablin II i Direktive o minimalnim standardima u pogledu procedure. Iz istraživanja proizlazi da je Sud zauzeo izuzetno napredan pristup tumačenju odredaba važećih uredaba i direktiva u oblasti azila, podižući na viši nivo standarde koji su s tim u vezi prisutni na normativnom planu. Ipak, primena i uvažavanje ovih standarda ukazuje se kao neostvarljiva u trenutnoj situaciji u kojoj se Zajednički sistem azila Evropske unije nalazi usled takozvane ‘izbegličke krize’, i to ne samo u odnosu na pojedinačne države članice već i na države kandidate za prijem u članstvo poput Republike Srbije.

The purpose of this article is to identify relevant legal standards which have emerged through the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Union of EU law relating to international protection. First part of the paper tends to present and analyze certain substantive aspects of the right to international protection. Particular attention is accorded to interpretation of specific elements of the definition of refugee, namely the element of ‘persecution’ and ‘membership of a particular social group’. The Court has introduced valuable improvements with regard to the institute of subsidiary protection, especially in the context of Article 15(c) of Directive 2011/95/EU on standards for qualification, i.e. the situation in which a person asks for protection due to indiscriminate violence in the country of origin caused by international or internal armed conflict. Second part of the paper deals with various procedural aspects of the right to asylum and the relevant interpretation of certain provisions of Dublin II Regulation and the Directive on minimum standards on procedures. The research shows that the Court has taken a very progressive approach when interpreting the provisions of applicable regulations and directives relating to asylum, thus raising to a higher level the standards, that are, in this respect, present at the normative level. However, implementation of these standards appears as unfeasible in the current state of the Common European Asylum System caused by the so called ‘refugee crisis’, not only as regards individual Member States but also in relation to candidate countries, such as the Republic of Serbia.