Leonardus Lessius i moralna teologija 16. i 17. veka o zajmu i kamati : na marginama naučne zaostavštine Obrada Stanojevića

Abstract

Obrad Stanojević (1934–2011) u svojoj knjizi Zajam i kamata rasvetljava, između ostalog, ulogu zajma u vreme rađanja kapitalističkog društva u Evropi. U toj knjizi on ukazuje na stavove doktrine o zajmu i kamatama, na promenu tih stavova, u čemu su naročito važnu ulogu imali teolozi katoličke crkve. Stanojević se sumarno osvrće na stavove Tome Akvinskog. U radu se detaljnije analiziraju pogledi jednog od sledbenika Tome Akvinskog, uglednog moralnog teologa Leonarda Lesija (1554–1623) iz Antverpena, pripadnika španske škole prirodnog prava. U sistematskoj raspravi De iustitia et iure iz 1605. godine, on raspravlja o najvažnijim moralnim i pravnim pitanjima. U glavi dvadesetoj druge knjige, posvećenoj zajmu i kamati (De mutuo & usura), on iznosi argumente u prilog trgovačkom zajmu. Takođe, moralnim, pravnim i ekonomskim argumentima brani i takozvani trostruki ugovor (contractus trinus, lib. 2, chap. 25, dub. 3), koji su tradicionalisti smatrali implicitnim zajmom. Tim svojim stavovima daje legitimitet novim pravnim oblicima trgovinskog prava koji su pogodovali rađanju i razvoju kapitalizma u Evropi.

The doctrine of moral theologians, followers of Thomas Aquinas, played an important role in the development of the commercial law. One of the distinguished thinkers was Leonardus Lessius, Flemmish moral theologian from Antwerp. In his major synthesis of religion and law, presented in his famous book De iustitia et iure ceterisque Virtutibus Cardinalibus published in 1605, he discusses religious, moral and legal issues. Lessius’ exposition on money-loan and usury (Lib. 2, cap. 20, dub. 1–24), and particularly on so called contractus trinus (Lib. 2, cap. 25. dub. 3) is the subject of the analysis in this paper. Although many jurists and theologians considered contractus trinus as implied money-loan with usury and therefore illegal, Lessius defended it as moral, lawful and just. He also justified it from the economical point of view. In this way he supported new commercial practices in favor of developing capitalism in the Europe of the time. The author also reminds on the pioneer book on the subject in Serbian language by Obrad Stanojević (1934–2011).