Teorijsko-metodološki okvir za razumevanje rodnih odnosa u savremenosti : Slučaj Srbije

Abstract

Rodni odnosi se pojavljuju kao društveni i saznajni problem tek sa procesom modernizacije i od momenta kada se podrazumevajuća patrijarhalna matrica podređenosti žena dovodi u pitanje. Procesi modernizacije počinju u širem smislu u novovekovnom periodu i u doba prosvetiteljstva, direktnije su povezani sa političkim građanskim revolucijama i industrijskom revolucijom 19. veka, a intenziviraju se na sistematičan način od druge polovine 20. veka kada se egalitarni trendovi uspostavljaju kao civilizacijski standard za ukupne društvene odnose i rodne odnose. Tokom čitave predmoderne istorije, položaj žena je determinisan patrijarhalnom strukturom odnosa, a u moderno i savremeno doba položaj žena i rodni odnosi su obeleženi dijalektikom patrijarhata i antipatrijarhata. Dve međusobno suprotstavljene logike i tendencije uzajamno su povezane i međusobno uslovljene; više jedne uvek znači manje druge, metaforički rečeno – kao u zakonu spojenih sudova sa tečnostima različite gustine. Pritom, ta paradigmatična dijalektika je uvek smeštena u konkretnoistorijski kontekst. Razumevanje rodnih odnosa u konkretnoistorijskom kontekstu zahteva znanja o kumulativnom dejstvu predistorije i aktuelnih obeležja karaktera društva i države, i o tome kako se ta dijalektika na specifičan način manifestuje u datom vremenu i okruženju. Karakter rodnih odnosa postaje, dakle, tema tek u modernim društvenim naukama. Tom temom se bavi feministička teorija u svojim samostalnim pregnućima od sedamdesetih godina do danas, a nadalje se u rastućem opsegu pojavljuju i rodno senzibilisana politikološka, sociološka, kulturološka, pravnička saznanja. Fokus ovog rada je na obrazloženju pomenutih ključnih elemenata teorijsko- metodološkog okvira analize rodnih odnosa. Takođe, izvedeni fokus i cilj je da se primena tog okvira analize prikaže na slučaju sadašnje Srbije i rodnih odnosa u njoj. Motiv i razlog za pomenuti fokus je uverenje da aktuelne feminističke analize i rodno senzitivni uvidi u različitim društvenim naukama prečesto ostaju na nivou prepoznavanja ili jedne ili druge dimenzije pomenute dijalektike ili, pak, na nivou paralelnog pominjanja elemenata emancipacije i elemenata repatrijarhalizacije. Na taj način uvidi ostaju parcijalni i ne dosežu do potrebnog sistematskog i integralnog razumevanja protivrečnih i međusobno zavisnih tendencija; utoliko, nedostaje im kapacitet za razumevanje uzroka obnove ili, pak, prevazilaženje retrogradne logike patrijarhata i za artikulisanje adekvatnih politika, odnosno emancipatorskih mera i mehanizama. Namera je da dijalektika patrijarhata i antipatrijarhata bude što bolje artikulisana kao okosnica feminističkih i rodno senzitivnih teorijskih, empirijskih i praktičkih (policy making) istraživanja i saznanja.

Gender relations have become an important social and cognitive issue only from the time of modernization and from the moment when a self-understandable patriarchal matrix of women`s subordination had become contested. Processes of modernization started in a wider sense with the New Age and the Enlightenment; more directly they started with political and industrial revolutions of the 19th century, and most intensively and systematically from the second third of the 20th century when egalitarian trends have been established as civilization standards for all-encompassing social relations and gender relations. During a whole pre-modern history, position of women had been determined by the patriarchal structure of relations, while in modernity and contemporaneity the position of women and gender relations have been designated by the dialectic of patriarchy and anti-patriarchy. Two contrasted logics and tendencies have been inter-twinned and mutually conditioned; more of one of them always means less of another, equally as – metaphorically speaking – In the case of the Law of communicating vessels for the event where different density of liquids is existent. In addition, this paradigmatic dialectic has always been refracted through a concrete-historical context. Understanding of certain concrete gender relations demands knowledge about cumulative impacts of the pre-history and actual features and character of the given society and state as well as about specific ways in which the mentioned dialectic has been manifested in a given societal context. Character of gender relations evidently becomes an issue and the topic only in the modern social sciences. Feminist theory in its autochthon endeavors from the 1970s and until nowadays, as well as in the meantime developed gender sensitive political, sociological, cultural, and legal knowledge have been dealing with this issue. Focus of this paper is to explain the crucial theoretical-methodological framework of gender analysis. In addition, focus and aim is to apply this framework of analysis to the case of Serbia and its current state of gender relations. Motive and reason for undertaking this endeavor is the belief that actual feminist analysis and gender sensitive insights of different social sciences too often stay blocked in partiality by designating either one or another side of the mentioned dialectic, or by parallel mentioning the both. Insofar, their insights cannot achieve the needed systematic and integral understanding of contradictory, mutually inter-related tendencies; insofar they do not have capacity to understand causes of the revival and/or overcoming the retrograde logic of patriarchy, and to articulate proper emancipatory policy making measures and mechanisms. Intention is to contribute that this referential dialectic of patriarchy and anti-patriarchy be articulated as better as possible and to become the analytical, theoretical-methodological axis for feminist and gender sensitive theoretical, empirical and policy making endeavors.