Promena dužnika u toku izvršnog postupka i pravo na pravni lek

Abstract

Novim Zakonom o izvršenju i obezbeđenju uređen je prelaz potraživanja i obaveze na način koji se značajno razlikuje od ranijih zakona o izvršnom postupku. Umesto prenosa i prelaza potraživanja i obaveze, sada se govori samo o prelazu, a prenos je izostavljen. To je izazvalo probleme u praksi sudova i javnih izvršitelja i trebalo je da Skupština Srbije usvoji čak dva autentična tumačenja istog člana zakona da bi ti problemi bili rešeni. Takođe, novina u odnosu na prethodne zakone jeste da se dozvoljava ne samo prelaz potraživanja i obaveze iz izvršne isprave već i prelaz potraživanja i obaveze i iz verodostojne isprave. To proširenje je izazvalo brojne diskusije u stručnoj javnosti, pre svega polazeći od tradicionalne razlike između izvršnih i verodostojnih isprava. U senci svih tih rasprava o prelazu i prenosu potraživanja i obaveza ostalo je pitanje procesnopravne zaštite lica koje u slučaju prelaza i prenosa obaveze stupa na mesto izvršnog dužnika, odnosno načina na koji će to lice štititi svoja prava u postupku u koji je stupilo. To pitanje ovaj zakon nije rešio, ali je u tom smislu odgovarajuće smernice dala odluka Ustavnog suda koju ćemo analizirati u ovom radu.

The purpose of this paper was to tackle the change of enforcement debtor in the course of enforcement procedure and the procedural rights of new enforcement debtor. According to the 2016 Serbian Law on Enforcement and Security enforcement shall also be granted against the person that has not been designated as enforcement debtor in enforcement title or in authentic document, if the transfer of obligation may be proven by public document or by legally certified document, or if such evidence is not available, the transfer may be proven by final civil or administrative decision. In that case the new enforcement debtor may challenge the enforcement ruling stating that obligation hasn’t been transferred to him/her. The change of enforcement debtor shall also be possible if the obligation has been transferred from enforcement debtor to the third party following the issuance of enforcement ruling. The transfer of obligation has to be proven by public document or by legally certified document. If these conditions have been met, public enforcement agent shall issue a conclusion ascertaining that transferee shall substitute the original enforcement debtor. The new enforcement debtor shall enter the proceeding in its present stage and shall have the same rights as his or her predecessor. However, since no legal remedies are allowed against the conclusion ascertaining the change of enforcement debtor, the position of new enforcement debtor has to be improved. He/she must have the opportunity to challenge the decision that has designated him/her as new enforcement debtor, otherwise his constitutional right to legal remedy shall be violated. That has been clearly stated in decisions of Constitutional Court. Therefor, current Law on Enforcement and Security has to be changed in that regard.