Promena pola : stanje u Republici Srbiji nakon izmena Zakona o matičnim knjigama

Abstract

Vekovni pojam pola i njegova izvesnost, mogućnošću preduzimanja medicinskih intervencija i posledično promene istog, doveden je u pitanje. Pitanje promene pola odnosi se, prvenstveno, na pravo na poštovanje privatnog života pojedinca i njegovih različitih aspekata – izdavanja novog izvoda iz matične knjige, pasoša, ličnih dokumenata, zdravstvenog osiguranja, penzije. Evropski sud za ljudska prava (ESLJP) početkom 90-ih godina XX veka nije priznavao pravo na promenu podataka transseksualnim osobama, odnosno utvrđivao je da nije bilo povrede prava na poštovanje privatnog života. Prekretnicu u priznanju prava transseksualnih osoba predstavlja slučaj Christine Goodwin protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva. U novijoj praksi poseban značaj zauzima slučaj A.P. Garçon and Nicot protiv Francuske, u kome je ESLJP našao da su domaće vlasti uslovljavajući priznanje promene pola preduzimanjem medicinske intervencije koja za posledicu ima sterilitet, onemogućile slobodno i potpuno uživanje prava na privatni život pojedinaca, kao i njihov fizički integritet. Do izmena Zakona o matičnim knjigama, promena pola u javnim dokumentima u Srbiji nije bila dozvoljena, postojala je samo praksa nekih opštinskih uprava u Beogradu (Stari Grad i Savski Venac) koje su dozvoljavale da se izvši promena pola u matičnim knjigama. Presudnu ulogu ka konačnom zakonskom regulisanju ovog pitanja, imao Ustavni sud Srbije koji je u svojoj odluci iz 2012. godine utvrdio da su domaći organi propustili da izvrše svoju „pozitivnu obavezu” kojom bi uskladili pravno sa faktičkim stanjem i tako obezbedili podnosiocu ustavne žalbe da nakon hirurške promene pola ostvari prava koja mu jemče i Ustav Republike Srbije i Evropska konvencija. Upravo je na osnovu odluke Ustavnog suda, Ministarsvo za državnu upravu i lokalnu samoupravu izmenama u 2018. godini, najpre, Zakona o matičnim knjigama, a zatim, i donošenjem Pravilnika o načinu izdavanja i obrascu potvrde nadležne zdravstvene ustanove o promeni pola, izbeglo da se i u drugim pojedinačnim slučajevima utvrdi povreda Ustava ali i prava na poštovanje privatnog života pred ESLJP. Ovaj podzakonski akt počiva na psihološko-medicinskom načelu priznanja promene pola.

Traditional notion of gender and its certainty, with the possibility of taking medical interventions and consequently changing the gender, has been called into a question. The issue of gender reassignment relates primarily to the right to respect for an individual’s private life and its various aspects – the issuance of a new birth certificate, passport, identity documents, health insurance, pension. At the beginning of the 1990s, the European Court for Human Rights (ECtHR) did not recognize the right to change gender informations to transsexual persons. The turning point of the recognition transgender rights was the case of Christine Goodwin v. The United Kingdom. In contemporary practice, the case of A.P. Garçon and Nicot v. France, in which the ECtHR found that conditional recognition of gender reassignment by medical intervention resulting in sterility, prevented the free and full enjoyment of the right to respect privacy of individuals and their physical integrity. Until the amendments of Law on Registration books, gender reassignment was not allowed in public documents in Serbia, there was only a practice of some municipal administrations in Belgrade (Stari Grad and Savski Venac) that allowed gender reassignment in civil registers. The Constitutional Court of Serbia had a decisive role in the final regulation of this issue. This body in its decision from july 2012. found that the domestic authorities failed to fulfill their positive obligation to align legal with the factual situation and thus to provide that complainant after surgical intervention fully exercise the rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia and the European Convention. It was precisely on the basis of a decision of the Constitutional Court, that the Ministry of Public Administration and Local Self- Government amended in 2018, first, the Law on Registration books, and then, by adopting the Regulation on the Mode of Issuance and Form of Confirmation of the Competent Health Institution on Gender Reassignment, avoid that in other individual cases violation of the Constitution, as well as the right to respect for private life before the ECtHR arrises. This Regulation is based on the psychological-medical principle of recognizing gender reassignment.