Societas i consortium - Poreklo klasičnog ortakluka

Abstract

Poreklo klasičnog ugovora o ortakluku sporno je i mnogo diskutovano pitanje. Razlog tome je najpre oskudica izvora. Osim toga, kompleksna pravna priroda ugovora u kome su isprepleteni ekonomski i socijalno- etički elementi kao i šarenilo vrsta ortakluka različitih ciljeva ukazuje na složeno poreklo instituta. U ovom radu razmatra se uticaj koji je i mala arhaična institucija rimska - consortium na pojavu konsenzualnog societasa i u tom kontekstu se ukazuje na neke slabosti tzv. konzorcijalne teorije koja poreklo societasa direktno i isključivo veže za consortium. Ako se consortium shvati, u svetlu raspoloživih izvora, naročito novih Gajevih fragmenata kao i istorijsko- komparativnih i socioloških dostignuća kao rimska varijanta veliko porodične zadruge, on da se ovaj arhaični institut ne bi mogao smatrati direktnim izvorom konsenzualnog ortakluka. Ovo zbog toga što im je suština različita i jer su suprotne okolnosti pretpostavke za postojanje i prosperitet ovih instituta. S druge strane, u pravnom režimu ortakluka ima mnogo rešenja zasnovanih na ius fraternitatis, što se može pripisati uticaju konzorcijuma, ali i ulozi koju u antičkim društvima imaju udruženja u celini. Kada je reč o najširem obliku ortakluka svih dobara (societas omnium bonorum), gde je uticaj consortiuma očigledan, ne isključujemo mogućnost direktne nasledne veze ovih instituta.

The origin of classical contract of partnership is a controversial question. Continuous discussion is provoked first of all by scarcity of sources. In addition, the very legal nature of the contract, with interlaced economic, social and ethical elements, as well as great variety of types of partnership point at the complexity of the origin of that institute. The archaic Roman institute of consortium was influential in instituting consensual societas, but the weak point in this respect is that so-called consortium theory connected the origin of societas directly and exclusively to consortium. However, if consortium is understood, through available sources, and especially new Gaius' fragments, as well as while analyzing historical-comparative and sociological achievements - as a Roman variety of great family cooperative, then this archaic institute could not be considered a direct source of the consensual partnership. Their essence is different and the circumstances are contrary which are prerequisites for the existence and development of these institutes. On the other hand, the legal regime of partnership consists of many solutions based on ius fraternitatis - which may be ascribed to the influence of consortium, but to the role associations in general had in ancient societies as well. In case of the widest form of partnership, however, relating to all property (societas omnium bonorum), where the influence of consortium is obvious, the possibility is not excluded of a direct relationship between these institutes.