Vansudski izvršni postupak na osnovu Zakona o založnom pravu na pokretnim stvarima upisanim u registar

Abstract

Zakon o založnom pravu na pokretnim stvarima upisanim u registar je uveo u pravni sistem jedan sistem namirenja na po- kretnim stvarima koji odudara od dosadašnjih rešenja u ovoj oblasti. Do donošenja ovog zakona, režim založnog prava zasnovan na državini kao njegovoj osnovnoj spoljnoj manifestaciji, bio je uređen odredbama ZOO i u slučaju neispunjavanja obaveza od strane založnog dužnika vodio je sudskom namirenju. Novi sistem ustanovljen Zakonom o založnom pravu na pokretnim stvarima upisanim u registar je najpre rekonstruisao sistem založnog prava, predviđajući ostanak predmeta založnog prava u državini zalogodavca i registraciju založnog prava u Registru zaloge, čime se ustanovljava naročit vid publiciteta. Namirenje može biti sudsko u skladu sa odredbama ZPP i ZIP i vansudsko u skladu sa od redbama ovog zakona. U postupku vansudskog namirenja postoje određene specifičnosti. Fizička lica zalogodavci koja ne zaključuju ugovor o zalozi u okviru privredne delatnosti su bolje zaštićena od privrednih subjekata i pravnih lica javnog i privatnog prava. U toku postupka vansudskog namirenja može se osporiti postojanje potraživanja, njegove dospelosti, kao i samog založnog prava. U tom slučaju založni dužnik može podneti (opozicijsku) tužbu. Ukoliko se tužbeni zahtev usvoji nakon što je izvršenje sprovedeno može se podneti predlog za protiv-izvršenje i tužba zbog pravno neosnovanog obogaćenja. Iako zamišljeno kao vansudsko namirenje, u najvažnijim pitanjima i dalje odlučuje sud. Sam postupak vansudskog namirenja jeste poseban, ali ga je nemoguće zamisliti bez shodne primene odredaba ZIP.

2003 Serbian Law on Lien Right on Chattels entered in Registry has brought significant changes in this area. Lien right regime enables lien debtor (pawnbroker) to keep removables in his possession and sets public registry of lien right on removables and receivables. Previously lien right on chattels has been regulated by 1978 Law on Contracts and Torts, according to which the lien debtor (pawnbroker) was deprived of his possession and the only way for lien creditor to collect his claim was through court. Since 2003 there is a new way of private enforcement of claims secured through lien right on chattels which improves the position of enforcement creditor. According to provisions of this new law, the lien creditor can choose between court sale and private enforcement. Procedure before the court is regulated by Civil Procedure Act and Enforcement Procedure Act. In this paper we analyzed the most important aspects of this private enforcement. When lien debtor (pawnbroker) is private or public company private enforcement is easier. Natural persons not involved in business activities are more protected. Some methods of sale can be organized only of natural persons have agreed upon it when claim became mature. Lien creditor's right to collect his claim can be challenged by opposition lawsuit. If lien creditor collected his claim although claim or lien right has extinguished or claim hasn't become mature lien debtor can file a motion for counter enforcement. Enforcement Procedure Act is to apply to other legal remedies as well. Private enforcement according to 2003 Serbian Law on Lien Right on Chattels entered in Registry is only private in some aspects, because the most important issues are still resolved by the court. It represents special enforcement method but this method can be successful only if Enforcement Procedure Act is applied accordingly.