Odgovornost tegljača

Abstract

U ovom radu se objašnjava odgovornost ugovornika u tegljenju, a naročito tegljača. Zbog složenosti odnosa i povećanih rizika u tegljenju pravo najčešće ne uređuje na jedinstven način odgovornost njegovih učesnika, već sadrži različita pravila zavisno od događaja u kom je tokom tegljenja nastupila šteta (npr. za sudar, prevoz, zajednička havarija). Stoga se u radu objašnjavaju posebni pravni režimi odgovornosti tetača prema vrsti štetnog događaja. Pri tome se ukazuje da Zakon o pomorskoj i unutrašnjoj plovidbi iz 1998. godine ne sadrži opšte pravilo o odgovornosti tegljača za štetu u tegljenju, usled čega postoji ozbiljna praznina u plovidbenom pravu Srbije. Pored toga, u radu se razmatraju uobičajeni uglavci u tipskim ugovorima o tegljenju na moru (npr. UkSCT, TOWCON, TOWHIRE), kojim se umanjuju obaveze ili odgovornost tegljača, a povećavaju njegova prava u odnosu na ona koja su mu uređena propisima. Najzad, pisac se posebno osvrće na bezobzirnost tegljača u ugovaranju svoje neodgovornosti u zemaljma common law sistema. Stoga se zalaže za ograničenje slobode ugovaranja na štetu korisnika usluga tegljača u ugovorima o tegljenju. Članak obiluje razmatranjem uporednopravnih pravila o odgovornosti u tegljenju, kako na moru, tako i na rekama, kao i prikazom sudske prakse.

This conference paper deals with liability of participants in towage, with special stress on the liability of tog-owner. Due to the complexity and increased risks within towage, there are no unique legal rules about the liability of towage participants, but different rules depending on the event which is the cause of damage in the towage (e.g. collision, carriage, general average, pollution). For that reason, the writher explains special legal regimes of liability of the tug-owner, which depend on the type of prejudicial event. He points that there is no general rule on the tug-owner's liability within the Maritime and Inland Navigation Act from 1998 and that it makes a serious loophole in the navigation law of Serbia. Besides, the author contemplates the usual clauses in standard forms of contracts in maritime towage (e.g. UKSCT, TOWCON, TOWHIRE), which mitigate duties and liability of tug-owner, enlarging his rights comparing with those he has on the ground legal provisions. Lastly, he specially presents unscrupulous practice of tug-owners within the common law countries in contracting their exclusion from liability. The author proposes limitation of contractual freedom in towage contract which is detrimental for the users of towage services. There are comparative law analyses about liability of tug-owner both in maritime and inland navigation, as well as presentation of judicial practice.