Bona fides kao uslov uzukapije u klasičnom rimskom pravu

Abstract

Predmet rada je savesnost kao uslov uzukapije od prvog veka p.n.e. do trećeg veka n.e. Pred toga, istraživanje se bavi i pravnim osnovom kao uslovom takvog sticanja, u onoj meri u kojoj je to potrebno za izučavanje bonae fidei. Cilj rada je rasvetljavanje istorijske geneze pomenutih uslova, odnosno odgovor na pitanja kada, kako i zašto su oni nastali. Primenjeni metodi su jezičko, sistemsko i istorijsko tumačenje antičkih izvora, kao i regresivna istorijska analiza pravnih instituta. Interpolacionističa kritika izvora se primenjuje uzdržano i to samo onda kada za to daju povoda nesuglasice u izvorima, a do naučnih istina se ne može doći drugim putem. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni svi sačuvani pravni izvori koji govore o predmetu rada. Institut održaja se posmatra kao istorijski promenljiv fenomen. U radu se brane sledeće hipoteze: Vonae fides je nastala u ranom klasičnom periodu i to kao razrada zabrane sticanja održajem animo furandi, koja je uvedena Zakonom dvanaest tablica ili Atinijevim zakonom, o čemu postoji indirektno svedočanstvo u izvorima. Svi slučajevi savesnosti klasičnog prava se mogu podeliti u dve grupe: prva, u kojoj savesnosti znači zabludu o tome da neko lice ima pravo da prenese svojinu i druga, u kojoj nema prenosioca. U drugoj grupi se savesnost javlja u dva oblika, kao zabluda o nekom svojstvu stvari koja se stiče ili kao pogrešna predstava sticaoca o nekom njegovom ličnom svojstu. Kao poseban vid savesnosti se javlja pogrešno uverenje da se stiče za svog oca porodice. Vonae fides je faktička zabluda, a krajem klasičnog perioda je bilo potrebo i da je ona izazvana (namernom ili nesvesnom) radnjom trećeg lica.

The subject of this work is good faith as a condition of usucapio from 1st century B.C. until 3rd century A.D. Apart from this, the research also deals with the legal title required for this method of acquisition, in such a degree as may seem necessary for the study of bonae fidei. The goal of the work is to shed light on the historical genesis of the mentioned requirements i.e. to find out the answer as to when, how and why they came into existence. The applied methods were linguistic, systematic and historical interpretation of classical sources, as well as regressive historical analysis of legal institutions. Interpolationistic critic was applied with a reserve, only when it was justified by contradictions in the sources so that scientific truths cannot be arrived at in any other way. The research takes into account all surviving legal sources which speak about the subject of the work. The institution of usucapio is looked upon as a historically changing phenomenon. Following hypotheses are defended in the work: Bona fides originated in early classical period as a prohibition of usucapio in presence of animus furandi, which was introduced by the Law of the Twelve Tables or lex Atinia, of which there are indirect testimonies in the sources. All cases of bona fides in classical law may be divided into two groups: first, those where bona fides means an erroneous belief that someone has the right to transfer ownership and the other, where there is in fact no transferor. In the second group, bona fides appears in two forms, as error regarding some property of the thing to be acquired or as error regarding the personal characteristics of the recipient. A specific form of bona fides was the false belief that one was acquiring for his pater familias. Bona fides was error of fact, at the end of the classical period it was required that it also be caused by a willful or negligent action of a third person.