Odgovornost za izbor u ugovorima u privredi - poseban osvrt na ugovor o organizovanju putovanja i špediciji

Abstract

U radu se razmatra pojava i značaj odgovornosti za izbor u privrednom pravu, a posebno u pogledu špedicije i organizovanja putovanja. Uočava se da paralelno sa odgovornošću za izbor drugoga, postoji i odgovornost za rad drugoga, koja se, kao strožija, primenjuje samo kada je izričito ugovorena ili kao sankcija za zlonamerno ponašanje ugovornog pružaoca usluge. Upoređujući špediciju i organizovanje putovanja u ovom smislu, čini se da špediter treba i dalje da odgovara samo za izbor prevozioca, dok organizator treba da odgovara i za rad neposrednih pružalaca turističkih usluga. Razlog ovome leži u činjenici da špediter pretežno obavlja svoju delatnost sa privrednim subjektima, dok je organizator putovanja ograničeniji na putnike kao fizička lica. Zbog zaštite putnika kao potrošača, ali i zbog toga što prima jedinstvenu, ukupnu, naknadu za svoju uslugu, čini se opravdanim da organizator putovanja odgovara ne samo za izbor, nego i za rad lica koja je angažovao prilikom ispunjenja svoje obaveze. Prvo poglavlje je posvećeno nastanku pravnog režima odgovornosti za izbor u ugovorima u privredi, a posebno imajući u vidu sve veću specijalizaciju privrednika u njihovim delatnostima, odnosno odsustvo samostalnosti, autohtonosti, u njihovom obavljanju. U drugom poglavlju se razmatra odgovornost za drugoga, te apsolutni i relativni vid te odgovornosti zavisno od toga da li njen osnov leži u krivici (subjektivna odgovornost) ili ne (objektivna odgovornosti). Treće poglavlje je posvećeno špediciji, a posebno određivanju sadržine standarda savestan i stručan izbor trećeg lica, koja ni u propisima, a ni u sudskoj praksi ne postoji, nego se uzima kao takva u svom blanketnom obliku. U četvrtom poglavlju se razmatra pravni režim odgovornosti organizatora putovanja, kao i pojedini slučajevi iz sudske prakse u ovoj oblasti, dok je peto, poslednje, poglavlje posvećeno zaključnim razmatranjima.

In this article, the author analyzes phenomenon and significance of liability for wrongful selection of agent in Commercial Law, especially in freight forwarding contract and in some of travel agent contracts, namely package tour. It is evident that across legal systems in Europe exist two legal regime of liability of aforementioned persons. First, strict liability, which is especially represented in France, and second, liability for wrongful selection of agents - assistants in concrete contract, which is based on guilt. The second is predominant in Europe and as such is widespread accepted in Serbian legal system. Comparing freight forwarding and package tour contracts, it seems that freight forwarder should continue be responsible only for his own mistake in selecting sub-agents (so, not for their actions). On the other hand, package tour operator should be responsible not only for wrongfully selection, but primarily for actions of his sub-agents. The reason for this lays in fact that tour operator receive overall, total, price for his service which he can spend on sub-agents irrespectively quality of their service, motivated in their choice by moral hazard. Also, reason for this solution can be find in fact that other party in package tour contract predominantly is natural person as a consumer, passenger who is weakly protected contractor. First part of the article is dedicated to genesis of liability for wrongful selection in Commercial Law, peculiarly having regard to specialization of working process in economy. In the second part, author considers relatively and absolutely aspect of liability for other person, depending on whether guilt is necessary condition for liability. In third and forth part, author considers legal regime of freight forwarding and package tour contract in detail and pays special attention to true content of legal standard of prudent and in a good faith selection of third person as a sub-agent. Author proposes solution in cumulative application of two standards: first, good faith and prudence of ordinary intermediary and second, selecting the carrier or other sub-agent from the list which is approved from the state authority.