Tendencije napuštanja brakorazvodnih uzroka zasnovanih na krivici supružnika u Centralnoj i Južnoj Americi

Abstract

Tendencija savremenog porodičnog prava je napuštanje razloga za razvod braka koji se zasnivaju na krivici jednog od supružnika. Ovaj proces se sporije odvijao u državama gde je jak uticaj religijskih normi i crkvenog učenja, u koje spadaju države Centralne i Južne Amerike (Latinske Amerike). Proces prihvatanja oblika potpunog razvoda braka u Argentini je bio dugotrajan. Do nedavno, u Argentini su postojala dva sistema razvoda braka. Jedan, zasnovan na krivici jednog od supružnika, i drugi, sistem razvoda braka zasnovan na objektivnim uzrocima. Prema najnovijim izmenama Građanskog zakonika, koje su stupile na snagu u januaru 2016. godine, razvod braka na osnovu krivice je napušten. Pravo Kosta Rike poznaje dva osnovna pravna načina prestanka punovažnog braka – razvod i razdvajanje supružnika. Kostarikansko pravo predviđa neke karakteristične brakorazvodne uzroke, poput, prinude na prostituciju drugog supružnika, koja predstavlja retkost u uporednom pravu. Razvod braka na osnovu sporazuma moguć je samo nakon proteka roka od tri godine od dana zaključenja braka. Za razliku od razvoda braka, zakonsko razdvajanje može da traži samo supružnik koji nije kriv za razdvajanje. U Meksiku, administrativni sporazumni razvod braka je najbrži i najjednostavniji način prestanka punovažnog braka. Ovaj oblik razvoda braka zahteva se pod uslovom da je prošlo godinu dana od dana zaključenja braka, a obavezno je da supružnici budu prisutni lično. Drugi oblik razvoda braka u meksičkom pravu, koji odlikuju teži uslovi u odnosu na administrativni sporazumni razvod, predstavlja sudski sporazumni razvod braka. Prema urugvajskom pravu, moguća su dva načina prestanka braka, ako jedan ili oba supružnika preminu i razvod. Do razvoda braka može doći na četiri načina: na osnovu razloga koji dovode do „razdvajanja tela“ (separation of bodies), a koji ujedno dovode i do razvoda braka, na osnovu sporazumnog razvoda, na osnovu zahteva supruge i usled konverzije separation of bodies u razvod braka nakon proteka roka od tri godine od dana donošenja odluke o „razdvajanju tela“. Iako je primetno da se krivica polako potiskuje iz brakorazvodnih uzroka Latinske Amerike, da se uvode objektivni i opšti brakorazvodni uzroci, njen uticaj je dalje prisutan i to, pre svega, u imovinskoj sferi (u oblasti izdržavanja kada supružnik koji je skrivio razvod braka ne može da ostvari pravo na izdržavanje).

The tendency of contemporary family law is to leave divorce grounds based on the guilt of one of the spouses. This process has been happening slowly in countries where there is a strong influence of religious norms and ecclesiastical learning, for example, in Central and South America (Latin America). The process of accepting a form of full divorce in Argentina has been long-term. Until recently, there were two divorce systems in Argentina. One, based on the guilt of one of the spouses, and the other, a divorce grounds scheme based on the objective causes. According to the latest amendments of the Civil Code, which came into force in January 2016, divorce based on the guilt was abandoned. Law of Costa Rica contains two basic legal modes of terminating a valid marriage – divorce and separation of the spouses. The Law of Costa Rica provides some characteristic, divorce grounds, such as, the coercion to prostitution of another spouse. This ground represents a rareness in comparative law. Divorce based on the agreement is only possible after the expiration of the three years period from the date of marriage conclusion. Unlike divorce, legal separation can only be sought by a spouse who is not guilty for separation. In Mexico, an administrative consensual divorce is the quickest and easiest way to end the valid marriage. This form of divorce can be requested under the condition that one year has passed since the date of the marriage, and it is mandatory that both spouses are present in person before the court. Another form of divorce in Mexican law, which is distinguished with more severe conditions comparing to administrative consensual divorce, is consensual court divorce. According to Uruguayan law, two ways of marriage termination are possible – if one or both spouses deceive and divorce. Divorce appears in four ways: grounds that lead to the separation of bodies, which also leads to the divorce, consensual divorce, divorce based on the wife’s request, and the conversion of separation of the bodies into divorce after the expiration of the three years period from the date of separation of bodies decision. While it is noticeable that the guilt is gradually suppressed from the divorce grounds of the Latin America, concurrently introducing objective and general divorce grounds, its influence is still present, first of all, in the property sphere (area of spousal support when a spouse who are guilty for divorce can not be a creditor of spousal support).