O dobrovoljnosti odustanka od izvršenja krivičnog dela

Abstract

Zakonodavac predviđa mogućnost oslobođenja od kazne za učinioca koji u fazi pokušaja dobrovoljno odustane od dovršenja krivičnog dela. Iako za obe forme odustanka (u fazi nedovršenog i dovršenog pokušaja) važe različite objektivne pretpostavke, osnovni subjektivni uslov je na isti način određen kao dobrovoljnost odustanka. U našoj ranijoj literaturi i sudskoj praksi ovaj uslov je dosta strogo obojen psihološkim sadržajem i negiran uvek kada učinilac odluku o odustanku nije formirao isključivo na osnovu unutrašnjih motiva. Osim psiholoških teorija, u nemačkoj doktrini razvijen je i normativni pojam dobrovoljnosti, koji ovu subjektivnu pretpostavku procenjuje polazeći od vrednovanja motiva za odustanak. Uprkos tome što je Krivični zakonik preciznije nego naše pređašnje zakonodavstvo oblikovao pravnu figuru dobrovoljnog odustanka, i dalje ostaje nedovoljno razjašnjeno osnovno pitanje - kada se odustanak može smatrati dobrovoljnim. U radu se razmatraju osnovni teorijski stavovi posvećeni ovoj problematici i predlaže jedan elastičniji praktični pristup.

Serbian Criminal Code (CC) provides in art. 32 that offender who voluntary withdraws from an attempted offence can be released from punishment. CC distinguishes between two different types of attempt, unfinished and finished attempt. For both types CC prescribes that withdrawal must be voluntary. In earlier theory the distinction between voluntariness and involuntariness was made on the basis of the so-called Frank's Formula (the withdrawal is voluntary if the perpetrator says: I don't wish to complete the offence if I could, whereas it will be involuntary if he thinks: I cannot complete the offence if I wanted to). This theory has been abandoned in the modern criminal law doctrine. The requirement of voluntariness is usually interpreted according to psychological and normative approach. According to art. 32 (2) CC there is no voluntariness if it is impossible for the offender to commit the offence or if there are some obstacles which make significantly difficult the commitment of the criminal offence. Serbian jurisprudence holds a restrictive approach to the requirement of voluntariness despite the fact that CC unlike the law of some other countries doesn't prescribe that withdrawal leads to a full acquittal from the charge based on the attempted offence.