Shvatiti analogiju ozbiljno - uloga zakonske analogije u stvaranju i tumačenju prava

Abstract

U članku se analizira analogija, kao način rasuđivanja, a naročito u pravu. Analogija uopšte se određuje kroz svoju argumentativnu formu i kroz kognitivno-psihološku sadržinu. Kada je reč o analogiji u pravu, tradicionalna podela na analogia legis i analogia iuris se potiskuje kao nepotpuna i nedovoljno rasvetljujuća za ono što se zaista događa u pravnoj praksi. Umesto nje, u tekstu se, kao početna, postulira podela analogija u pravu na kazuističku i zakonsku. I dok se u common law sistemima više primenjuje i proučava ova prva, u kontinentalnim sistemima je, zbog primata pisanih izvora prava, interesantnije razmotriti drugu. Zakonska analogija se razmatra, takođe, s aspekta njene forme i sadržine, a zatim se izlažu njene osnovne vrste, da bi se na kraju, kroz nekoliko primera iz domaće sudske prakse, ilustrovalo kako se zakonska analogija u našoj praksi primenjuje samo intuitivno, shodno tome i nedovoljno obrazloženo a, na kraju krajeva, i neispravno.

In the article, author analyzes analogy generally and analogy in law, as a way of reasoning. The traditional division of the application of analogy in law into analogia legis and analogia iuris is perceived as incomplete and insufficiently clarifying for what is really happening in the practice of law. Instead, as a starting point, it emphasizes the division of analogies in law into casuistic and statutory analogy. While in common law systems the former is more applied and studied, in continental legal systems, due to the primacy of written sources of law, it is more interesting to consider the latter. The statutory analogy is firstly analyzed from the aspect of its form and content (retrieval and mapping). After that, its basic types are described. The first is the analogy extra legem, which serves to fill legal gaps, or more precisely, which attributes legal consequences to facts that are not explicitly described in the applicable legal provision. The second type of statutory analogy is analogy intra legem, in which the argument of analogy is used to interpret legal norms. In the article are particularly depicted the two "incarnations" of analogy intra legem, extensive interpretation and systemic interpretative argument of analogy. Finally, through several cases from judicial practice of Serbian courts, it is illustrated how the statutory analogy is applied in this practice only intuitively, and therefore insufficiently explained, and, after all, incorrect.