Da li su Sasi imali privilegije u mešovitim sporovima u srednjovekovnoj Srbiji?

Abstract

Prema svedočenjima savremenika, srednjovekovni srpski kraljevi duguju svoje bogatstvo i moć brojnim rudnicima metala koji su postojali u njihovoj državi. Vađenje rude metala u Srbiji se vezuje za dolazak Sasa, rudara nemačkog porekla. Sasi su u srednjovekovnoj Evropi bili narod rudarskih stručnjaka, koji je radio u rudnicima daleko van svoje postojbine Saksonije. Oni su se tom unosnom privrednom delatnošću bavili i u Češkoj, Ugarskoj (u današnjoj Slovačkoj i u Erdelju), Bosni, ali i u Srbiji. Njihov dolazak se tradicionalno vezuje za vladavinu kralja Stefana Uroša I (1234-1276). Iako nisu sačuvani izvori koji bi to direktno potvrdili, smatra se da su rimokatolicima Sasima prilikom dolaska u pravoslavnu Srbiju morale biti date određene privilegije, kao što su samouprava, sloboda veroispovedanja, rudarske koncesije. Među tim privilegijama se često navode i sudske, a posebno pravo Sasa na mešoviti sud ili mešovitu porotu u sporu sa pripadnicima druge etničke skupine. Rad pokušava da preispita ovu poslednju tezu kroz istorijski metod i jezičko, sistemsko i istorijsko tumačenje izvora, pre svih povelja srpskih kraljeva izdatih Dubrovniku, Dušanovog zakonika i Zakonika o rudnicima despota Stefana Lazarevića.

Based on the contemporary testimonies, wealth of the Serbian medieval kings was significantly increased by exploitation of number of precious metal mines that existed in their realm. Beginnings of the mine exploitation in medieval Serbia are related to the settlements of Saxon miners. Saxons were mining experts in medieval Europe who worked in distant mines far away from their homeland Saxony. They worked in this profitable mining business not only in Serbia, but also in Bohemia, Hungary (Transylvania and modern Slovakia) and Bosnia. The settlement of Saxons in Serbia occurred in time of the reign of King Stefan Uros I (1234-1276). Although without preserved sources which could directly support this thesis, Serbian historiography advocates that certain privileges were granted to the Roman Catholic Saxons at the time of their migration in orthodox Serbia. It appears that these privileges included self-government, freedom of religion, and mining concessions. Also judicial privileges are often mentioned in historiography especially the right of Saxons to one half of the members of their ethnicity in judicial collegium and jury in the case of a dispute with member of another ethic group. This paper attempts to test the thesis related to composition of mixed courts and juries by applying historical method, and linguistic, systemic and historical interpretation of the sources such as King's Charters issued to Dubrovnik, Dusan's Code and Despot Stefan's Mining Code.